By: Christine Koporc MSc, and Jennifer Kartley DVM
Leptospirosis is a dangerous infection that can spread from dogs to humans. This disease is caused by the Leptospira bacterial species. It is found world wide and is considered zoonotic, which means it can spread from animals to humans. According to the CDC, each year there are around 1 million confirmed cases of leptospirosis just in humans with an average of 60,000 deaths worldwide. Education regarding zoonotic diseases is necessary so pet owners understand the risks of spread and exposure as well as the benefits of yearly vaccination. Both dogs and cats can be infected by Leptospira, although it is rare in cats. At this time, a vaccine only exists for dogs. AAHA now considers leptospirosis a core vaccine. Let's learn about protecting your dog and in the process, we will help protect your family.
How Dogs Get Leptospirosis
Leptospira bacteria are a hardy species. They can survive weeks to months outside a host (CDC). When examined microscopically, they look like a tight coil. These bacteria are spread in the urine of an infected animal. Common spots to be exposed are contaminated soil, standing water, lakes, and streams. Anywhere your pet can come into contact with the urine of wildlife is an opportunity for transmission. From squirrels and rabbits in your backyard, to mice sneaking inside, all can be carrying infectious Leptospira bacteria.
Signs of Leptospirosis
Infected dogs often present with signs that are non-specific. These can include lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, difficulty breathing, among others. The severity of illness depends on your dog's immune system and the strain infecting them. Some dogs will have no signs of illness and clear the bacteria while others will develop life-threatening complications. These can include kidney failure, liver failure, damage to the heart muscle, and severe lung disease (AVMA). This is caused by the organs being exposed to the bacteria in your dog's blood stream. During more advanced phases of leptospirosis, a high amount of the bacteria are found in the kidneys which is the organ that produces urine (Cleveland Clinic). At that point, your dog will experience increased drinking and urination likely resulting in urine accidents in the house. When you go to clean up Leptospira filled urine, you just inadvertently exposed yourself to this disease.
Involving Cats In The Conversation
Information regarding Leptospirosis in cats is limited due to lack of scientific investigation. As explained before, there is not currently a vaccine for our feline species to get protection from Leptospira. A logical train of thought would include questioning if Leptospira is involved in feline kidney disease but that is yet to be fully explored...(Merck).
How To Prevent Leptospirosis In Dogs and Yourself
AAHA's designation of Leptospirosis as a core vaccine indicates the importance of maintaining yearly vaccination to prevent infection. Being vaccinated means your dog has immune cells standing ready to fight off bacteria when exposed naturally. Your dog will have a much better chance at fighting the infection before it causes systemic disease. Try to avoid letting your dog drink from outside water resources like stagnant water, lakes, and streams. If your dog urinates inappropriately in the house, make sure to wear gloves and wash your hands right away after cleaning and disinfecting the area.
A Sequence Of Protection
Education on the serious impact of leptospirosis for your dog and family is the first step. Getting your dog vaccinated for leptospirosis is the next. When something that can be so impactful to you and your family's health can easily be prevented by a vaccination, it becomes a no brainer. Finally, being aware of the risk of exposure to leptospirosis from wildlife or a sick pet will provide the power to protect your entire family, dogs, and other humans. If you have any questions about the Leptospirosis vaccine we use at our clinics, visit our dog vaccination page. Education gives you the power to make a choice and prevention is key to limiting the disease process. As always, if you have any questions or concerns about lepto and your dog, feel free to give us a call. We are happy to help!